Thoughts on The Omnivore's Dilemma

Author: Michael Pollan

Summary:
The author tries to follow four food chains: the industrial, the industrial organic, the pastoral, and the forest.

Industrial: Corn -> Cattle -> processing -> supermarket -> McDonald's -> Humans
Industrial Organic: Corn -> Cattle/Chicken -> supermarket -> Humans
Pastoral: Grass -> Animals -> Humans
Forest: Hunt/gather -> humans

The book describes origins of corn and its history, how food became cheap, and so on. It talks about each piece in the food chains above in details and talks about their history. The last part about hunting and gathering was particularly entertaining.

The Good:
The book inspired me to start my own garden. I've learned a load of interesting trivia and information. It is very entertaining and eye-opening.

The Bad:
At times the author is a little too judgmental and biased. But this is not too bad.

The Ugly:
None really.

Thoughts on Pathlet Routing

Authors: P. Brighten Godfrey, Igor Ganichev, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica

Summary:
The paper presents a solution to the multipath routing and scalalability problems in the current Internet that uses BGP. The new solution solves these problems while allowing all BGP policies, exposing a large set of paths, making it possible to know what paths would be used, giving senders the choice in path selection, and reducing the size of the forwarding information base (FIB). The dataplane works as follows:

• Each network will label its routers and end-hosts with one or more vnodes.
• Each network exposes a vnode to its neighbors. When packets arrive from that neighbor, they will arrive to the exposed vnode.
• Each network constructs a set of paths it allows using its vnodes and the neighbor's vnodes. These paths are called pathlets.
• Each pathlet is labeled with a forwarding identifier (FID), and each (first hop vnode, FID) pair is globally unique. The first hop vnode is the first vnode in a pathlet identified by its FID.
  
• Pathlets are disseminated through the network (this is the control plane's job).
• A network can then proceed to construct more general pathlets that start at a vnode in the network but can contain vnodes in other non-neighboring networks.
• These "general" pathlets are of the form v1, FID1, ..., FIDn
  
• A sender constructs a path by finding a number of pathlets that together connect the sender to the receiver. The path looks like the following: v1, F1, ..., Fn where the Fi are FIDs.
  
• When the packet arrives at the router labeled v1 in the sender's provider, the router checks that v1 is the start of the pathlet identified with F1, and drops it if not.
• Otherwise, there are two choices. 1) If the FID1 is a "base" case FID that only connects local vnodes with neighboring vnodes, the router pops v1 and F1 from the path and replaces them with the vnode v2 at the end of the pathlet. 2) Otherwise if F1 is a "generalized" pathlet, then is replaces v1 and F1 with v2, FID2, ..., FIDm. So the packet now has path: v2, FID2, ..., FIDm, F2, ..., Fn.
• Each (vnode, FID) pair at the beginning of the path is either replaced with one vnode or with a vnode and a list of other FIDs, until the destination is reached.

Note that a sender cannot cheat because only allowed paths will have valid FIDs, and packets wanting to use FIDs must arrive at the correct vnode.

Pathlet dissemination uses a path vector algorithm.

For a particular class of transit policies the authors call local transit (LT) policies, forwarding tables in the switches can be very small. These LT policies construct only "base" case pathlets that only have local vnodes or neighboring vnodes. Unfortunately, these policies cannot depend on a route's destination such as in BGP.

They come up with the notion of "policy emulation" to compare their architecture to others. They define "policy emulation" as: protocol P can emulate protocol Q if P can produce every outcome that Q can produce while using a similar amount of overhead. By their admission, this definition is limited since it has no notion of security or cost.

Pathlet routing can emulate BGP and IP strict routing with no modifications. To emulate MIRO and NIRA, the authors needed to extend the pathlet routing dissemination protocol to allow a router to pull pathlets from a non-neighboring vnode. On the other hand, pathlet routing cannot emulate "generalized" NIRA or Feedback Based Routing (FBR) because they use a packet's previous hops. In addition, FBR has both blacklisting and whitelisting that can represent some policies much more efficiently than pathlets. Pathlet rouing cannot emulate routing deflections and path splicing since they would require a large amount of control traffic to the senders.

The evaluation was alright. They cite a much smaller number for average AS-level path length than we expected (3.77) using CAIDA as-rank.caida.org. The maximum header size they use is 10 bytes which is very reasonable. I didn't look too deeply at the eval, and nothing popped out as weird or extraordinary.

The Good:
They describe a really cute way to do source routing while adhering to transit network policies. They do this while still not requiring a large overhead. While hinted at in the paper, pathlets and vnodes can be used for various network level services such as QoS. They also came up with the interesting notion protocol emulation.

The Bad:
There is a practicality side that has been completely overlooked: how do you actually put this in the real world. First, I don't know how to build such a thing easily in hardware. Also, the packet size changes between hops; how does this affect feasibility? What about security? Can the vnodes be attached to the neighbors?
[edit] Actually I don't really think the above is so important (after much more thinking). What's more important is the following:

1. It is difficult (if not impossible) to create policies that depend on prefixes of the path
2. The ASes can screw with a source by using a different path
3. The receiver has no idea what path was followed (Can it even tell what sender sent something?)

The Ugly:
I really did not like the fact that they needed an "extension" to the dissemination protocol. This seemed like a hack in order to allow pathlet routing to emulate NIRA and MIRO. Then again, they could probably come up with a nicer and more efficient dissemination protocol.

Thoughts on Why Cryptosystems Fail

Authors: Ross Anderson

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{168615,
author = {Anderson,, Ross},
title = {Why cryptosystems fail},
booktitle = {CCS '93: Proceedings of the 1st
ACM conference on Computer and communications security},
year = {1993},
isbn = {0-89791-629-8},
pages = {215--227},
location = {Fairfax, Virginia, United States},
doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/168588.168615},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
}

Summary:
The author uses automated teller machines (ATMs) as a driving example through the paper. He explains how ATMs work, and how various attackers have or could have managed to defraud banks by attacking ATMs. These attacks are allowed due to human error, negligence, or malignance, lack of quality control, lack of a feedback loop, incomplete standards, ... Mainly, it is not due to the weaknesses usually studied formally in universities or companies such as cryptanalysis. The author maintains that security systems should be treated similar to safety critical systems. Security systems should have certification levels that take a whole security system into account from the cryptography at its lowest levels to the training of employees to the treatment of a wide array of threats.

The Good:
The paper presents a strong point well, mainly that security systems should be studied by looking at the environment where it will be used. The paper includes many interesting examples from the banking industry and the analogy between secure systems and safety critical systems such as avionics helps drive the point home.

The Bad:
The author says that the right paradigm is to make a security officer's job less mechanical by following the aviation industry's paradigm: a properly trained crew is the first line of defense. I'm not sure what he means by that point, but it is difficult to train people well, and even then it is difficult to do quality control over their work. It seems we would want to build systems that have been designed keeping in mind that individual components themselves are probably insecure but when put together make the whole system secure. Perhaps this is what he meant.

The Ugly:
There were way too many examples. I would have much preferred that the author elaborated on the paradigm developed and how it applies to some examples, than just list the examples for a few pages. Many things are obvious too, but that's probably because this is an older paper and we now know more.